一線船長：船舶過境巴拿馬運河的經驗分享
原創 李曉旭
巴拿馬運河（PANAM CANAL）是世界上最著名的三大運河之一，是太平洋航線到墨西哥灣及美國東海岸必經之路。從中國、韓國到美國根據季節的不同通常有北、南兩條航線選擇：
經過津輕海峽，太平洋最北端大圓航線
經過大隅海峽，太平洋中部大圓混合航線。
我輪從船廠接新船出來，在中國和韓國裝滿貨後已經是12月初了。冬季太平洋北部風浪大，航線選擇從韓國釜山BOSAN過KOREA朝鮮海峽、日本九州島南部的大隅海峽OSUMIKAIKYO，航路根據氣象預報不斷調整後經過關島Hawai南部（關島EEZ專屬經濟區外及關島西南部一個淹沒的小島Johnsten Atoll EEZ專屬經濟區外之間的狹長航路，為了不換0.1%的低硫油），然後到巴拿馬運河南口。
由於一路上遭遇到多個大型高、低氣壓，被風浪肆虐的船舶在海上左右搖晃，船員沒有睡過幾天安穩覺。經歷了航程大約30天，終於在1月初抵達了巴拿馬南口，並在Flamencosingle station的指示下在Isla Taboguilla小島西邊拋下錨（錨位為IsIa Flamenco single station南偏西6.0海里）。在錨地排隊等待了4天多後就安排我輪過運河了。從南口的進口浮筒到北口的防波提，通過整個巴拿馬運河（包括通過幾個船閘），僅花了半天多時間。
本船作為新建造船，此次是第一次過運河。由於船公司的重視及船上準備充分，全程較順利。我認為這次過巴拿馬運河經歷有許多值得總結的地方，於是我把過程記錄下來，可為後來人提供有價值的參考。
抵港前的準備工作：
PCSOPEP （船上的巴拿馬運河油污應急計劃，由公司遞交）
© Gallagher Marine Systems,2015巴拿馬油污應急計劃(96小時遞交)
itis important to keep in mind the PCSOPEP (PanamaCanal Shipboard Oil Pollution Emergency Plan),this needs to be confirmed that it is valid and has been submitted toPanama Canal Authoritiespcsopep@pancanal.com
○PCSOPEP 抵港前檢查表及通知演習PRE-ARRIVALCHECKLIST and NOTIFCATION EXERCISE
1）抵港前檢查表PRE-ARRIVALCHECKLIST，涉及過運河的各項防污染的確認。
2）通知演習NotificationExercises: 電話通知應急計劃裡的授權人員（一年兩次通知）
Thenotification exercises should be made between the vessel and theAuthorized Person (AP). Please refer to Item 2 on page 2-2 of thisplan for the AP’s contact information. Perform at least twiceper calendar year (more frequently, if required to comply withCompany’s ISM Code documentation) even if vessel is not activelytransiting the canal.
填寫好PCSOPEPAP-QI notification-船舶應急演習和訓練評價及記錄Shipboard
Minuteand Evaluation of Contingency and Emergency Exercise & Drill
巴拿馬代理的抵港前PRE ARIVAL各個表格的填寫及資料的準備
PREARIVAL FORMS抵港前表格，相當於抵港前信息的彙總。
ShipsInformation And Quarantine Declaration (SIQD) – Form 4398(REV-2016)
○船舶過運河信息及檢疫聲明，這個很重要，巴拿馬檢察官Inspector抵港後會上船檢查SIQD及BLINDDISTANCE DECLARATION FORM 1746 (REV 2020)，並以此把各項信息輸入電腦系統後簽發檢查證明。
documentationwhich shall be presented to Panama Canal Boarding Officer during themandatory arrival inspection.
Crew List
SIQD Form (4398)
Blind Distance Form (1746)
BDN or fuel analysis report
MANOUVERING FUEL (updated / 2021) 過巴拿馬運河操縱用燃油（用含硫量不超過0.1%的低硫輕油或者達到相關標準含硫量不超過0.5%的低硫重油）
newFuel declaration form 新燃油聲明表（在PREARIVAL FORMS抵港前表格內）mustbe submitted into Panama Canal System (VUMPA) atleast 140hrs prior yourarrival.（抵港前140小時內遞交）
http://www.pancanal.com/common/maritime/advisories/2020/ADV-22-2020.pdf
Except as specified below, vessels arriving at Panama Canal (ACP) waters shall switch their main propulsion engines, boilers, auxiliary generator engines, and other ancillary equipment from residual fuels to marine distillate fuels. Changeover must be completed according to the following:
Northboundvessels, at least three nautical miles from the Sea Buoy at thePacific Entrance.
○北上過巴拿馬運河船舶至少抵達進口浮筒3海里外換好油。
Vessels shall record the fuel changeover in their Engine Room Logbook and/or Fuel Oil Changeover Record Book.
“ACP 48hrs pre-arrival format”. This form shall be sent directly from the vessel to the Canal Authorities to the e-mail address ：eta@pancanal.com with local agent email address 48hrs prior arrival time as part ofregulations.
抵港前PRE ARIVAL和信號台"Flamenco Signal Station"聯繫錨位及過運河指示
Kindly contact to "Flamenco Signal Station" onchannel 12 (VHF range) when approaching Balboa (8 NM) from the seaBuoy, they will give you the anchorageposition or transit instructions.
a. At least two hours prior to the "pilot boarding time"assigned by Maritime Traffic Control Unit, the master shall notifythe Cristobal（北口）orFlamenco Signal Station（南口）thatall equipment has been tested and is in operational condition and thevessel is ready to proceed.(ACPNavigation Regulations.)
b. Prior to commencing the transit, the master shall confirm to thepilot that all equipment has been tested and is in operationalcondition and the vessel is ready to proceed. (ACPNavigation Regulations.)
(詳細見“關於設備測試的通函OPNOTICE TO SHIPPING No.N-10-2021-Operational Equipment Test)
抵港前代理及當局需要的文件和圖紙、手冊
Hereunderare drawings and manuals also required for the tonnage assessment(PDF or AutoCAD file only – If unable, please have hard copiesready and available to be delivered to theinspector).
首次過運河時噸位評估用圖紙及手冊
1. General Arrangement Plan (one continues whole plan and not insections)
2. Capacity Plan
4. Funnel Plan
5. Lines Plan
6. Shell Expansion Plan
7. Docking Plan
8. Rim and Stability Booklet (information regarding summer loadedfigures for: draft, displacement, deadweight, tons of immersion)
9. Container Loading Plan (full container vessels only)
10.Cargo Securing Manual (all pages regarding container informationabove and below deck, all combinations) (full container vessels only)
AdditionDOCS.PANAMA額外的文件
1. IAPP the Air Pollution Prevention Certificate
2. ARR. OF MOORING EQUIPMENT(FORE)
3. ARR. OF MOORING EQUIPMENT(POOP DECK)
4. INCLINING TEST REPORT
5. FINAL LOADING MANUAL I – TYPIC
巴拿馬運河相關航行規則和航運、疫情通告的遵守
主要巴拿馬運河規則有N12-2021 PCSOPEP requirements、N01-2022 Vessel requirements和巴拿馬CP-NOA-22-035462等
you will find the annual Panama Canal Notice to Shipping No.10th withcontains all necessary information which serves as guidance to checkone by one all details, omittance of which might cause delays.
Onthis point it is important to mention vessels are required to have ondeck six manila or synthetic mooring lines forward and six aft ingood conditions prior to commencing transit. The size and strengthsuitable for the vessel to dock, moor at a lock approach wall orsecure in a lock chamber and are the vessel's responsibility. Ifonboard there are ropes of a length of 150 or more meters with 1.5meyes at each end, 3 of these will count as the required 6 lengthsrequired.
Wireropes and ropes composed of both wire and fiber or filaments, are notacceptable for Canal operations and shall not be used.
在船閘內臨時系泊用纜繩的要求（實際上前後各4根正常系泊纜就足夠了）
Priorarrival please have boarding facilities ready, bridge wing pilotshelters rigged and mooring lines (6 FWD & 6 AFT) on deck readyfor inspection.
對駕駛台兩翼巴拿馬引水防雨防曬棚和在船閘內臨時系泊用纜繩的提前準備。
For your information, as per ACPnavigation Regulation,all vessels in Canal waters shall furnish meals at their own expenseto the pilots and transit advisors assigned to their transit who areon board during regular mealtimes. Vessels shall also provide mealsto pilots transiting the vessel from 2200 hours to 0400 hours.
根據巴拿馬運河當局的規定，儘管有防疫要求，但必須給引水提供伙食、引水必須從船舶內梯道Insidestair of accommodation上駕駛台。如果不執行，會耽誤過運河！
圖片
根據船舶總船長，要求最小的穿運河海水吃水標準。可以推算出，對於我輪38k過巴拿馬時，最小首吃水要達到6.71m，最小尾吃水達到7.32m。
主要巴拿馬運河當局發佈的疫情通函
Additionalmeasures and Importantnotes related to Present pandemic COVID-19
Pleaserefer to attached Advisory to Shipping # A-12-2020 –Transit of Vessels with Positive or Suspected Cases of COVID-
Updateon Precautions due to COVID-19 --- Please refer to below ADVISORY TOSHIPPING No. A-19-2020:
南美人對疫情的重視程度和我們不好比。儘管有很多防疫規定，都是給船上規定的。他們上船能做到戴口罩就是最好的遵守防疫規定了。
抵達巴拿馬錨地的檢查和加油等
船舶抵達拋錨後，在錨地會有巴拿馬運河當局移民局、衛檢官員及運河檢察官canal inspector的上船檢查
拋錨後不久代理就會帶領巴拿馬運河當局移民局官員、衛檢官員幾個人從小艇上船辦理進港正常手續。衛檢檢查比較嚴格，核對完船員健康證和船舶衛生免除證書後就去廚房及菜庫角落檢查衛生及蟲害情況。按他們的要求，大廚給他們臨時做了早餐（他們可能一大早來，時間匆忙沒有來得及吃早餐），再準備一些許招待後也不為難船上。
聯檢完後不久，運河檢察官上船進行過運河前船舶安全檢查。檢察官只有一個人，上來就推銷他的電話卡，20美金6GB，有效期7天。船員要的多，還價到15個美金1張，幾乎每個船員都買了。可以說一半時間都在忙給船員開通電話卡，對於船舶檢查也就泛泛帶過。重點看了羅經差表及駕駛台操舵裝置、巴拿馬運河燈、有沒有突出物Protrusions等情況。根據事先船上填好的SIQD及盲區距離聲明BLINDDISTANCE DECLARATION FORM表格里的各項信息輸入電腦系統後簽發了檢查證明,並給與船上一張確認書NOA（NOTICEOFACKNOWLEDGEMENT）。此確認書上註明了巴拿馬運河船舶專屬識別號SIN（七位數阿拉伯數字），有效期4年。
運河檢察官上船的另一個重要目的是核實通航收費標準，在第二次過運河時會提供給船上運河通航收費標準證書TOLLBASIS CERTIFICATE（ Thiscertifies that the above mentioned vessel has been measured inaccordance with the Rules for the Admeasurement of Vessels to AssessTolls for use of the PanamaCanal）。此證書是永久的，羅列了船舶基本參數，以便巴拿馬當局以此評估結算通航費用。
錨地安排加油、上伙食及外審等
很多船舶在巴拿馬運河南北口錨地加油、上伙食。錨地是開敞錨地，有時風浪較大，STS船對船幫靠加油操作。加油船纜繩帶到大船纜樁上，船舶之間放置有大的防撞碰墊fender。值班船員需時刻監督加油過程，防止有燃油洩漏及設備故障發生。加油進度有點慢，加油量沒有缺少。伙食通過小艇送達，供應商會把伙食分幾部分用塑料紙纏繞緊湊，再用吊帶連上，方便我們用船舶伙食小吊吊上船。蔬菜及肉類總體不錯，但有少部分水果類口感不是太好。錨地可以安排航修及檢驗等事宜。我們本次安排了外審，歷時幾個小時，進行的也順利。
錨地安排船員換班Crew change
Asper latest updates, crew changes movements are being available in thecountry. can coordinate the local authorities’ requests. Itis important to keep in mind that every request will beevaluated case-by-case basis.
儘管有疫情，但也可以安排船員換班，但必須根據實際情況一事一議。
過巴拿馬運河
批准通過巴拿馬運河的每日計劃在定閘競爭表裡Panama Canal Authority Booking Competition，優先級別根據船舶大小、船型及歷史通航次數來給與獎勵Slot awards(Slot awarded basis customer ranking)。把每條船安排進某天的預計通過時間段Period和預計通過的船閘匝道Slot。當然，通過拍賣優先權也可以插隊Kindly take note that Canal projection waiting times can vary day by day and are subject to changes due to number of vessels arriving, weather conditions ,canal resources, vessel mix, or auctions allocated during upcoming dates, other conditions beyond our control。
巴拿馬運河不長，從南面的進口浮筒到北面的防波提bn EAST BREAKWATER按規定航路航行總共大約48海里。兩頭分別有Bridge of the America大橋和puente del Atlantic大橋。運河裡有三大船閘，分別為南部的Miraflores Locks船閘、Pedro Miguel Locks船閘和北部的 Gatun Locks船閘。其中南部的Miraflores Locks船閘和北部的 Gatun Locks船閘按單向和雙向分左右兩部分。一般小噸位的巴拿馬船型走Miraflores Locks船閘的右邊雙向通道，而到了Gatun Locks船閘走左邊雙向通道。我輪本次就依次通過南部的Miraflores Locks船閘、Pedro Miguel Locks船閘右側和北部的 Gatun Locks船閘左側雙向通道。
運河航道兩頭過船閘，而中間是淡水湖。航路曲折婉轉，總體呈“S“ 型。出了船閘，一路上都是航道浮標，船舶沿著浮筒航行就可以了。航道分很多段，每段都是以Reach尾碼，如Gamboa Reach、Tabemilla Reach、Gatun Reach等等十幾個。沿途有山有水，綠草茵茵。船舶在平靜的湖面行駛，緩緩地划過一道道波跡。來往船隻距離很近，船上兩邊的人都能看清楚對方的臉，大家都相互揮手致意。
巴拿馬運河過船閘，除了引水外還有10幾個帶纜工人。他們在過南北兩端的船閘前面提前通過小艇上船，當一端船閘經過後就下船。帶纜工分成船頭和船尾前後兩組，負責把在船舶前後位置的牽引絞車Locomotive鋼絲繩帶到船上。絞車運行在船閘軌道上，僅僅靠一個司機的操縱下跟隨大船或者偶爾牽引大船。每個船閘都分為幾段，當船舶進入船閘的一段後關閘注水把水位抬高，讓船舶像上台階一樣逐次進入更高的船閘段，直到到達內湖的水位。所有的操作都通過船閘上的協調中心來控制，有條有序。
巴拿馬運河航路儘管只有大約48海里，但運河兩端過船閘費時多。進閘需控制航速在2節左右，加上每節關閘放水時間20幾分鐘。有時候還需要船舶帶纜到岸上，在閘外口等待大船或特種船經過，穿過一次運河總共得半天多時間。
Port Clearance Remark:離港證的頒發
Atyour present Port (Before Panama Canal) you must declare your nextport of call after completion Panama Canal Transit or Local CallPurpose as a final destination due to the fact that Panama Canalis not a Terminal and Canal Authority does not issue Port Clearance.Only Port Clearance is apply at Panama if vessel will have CommercialActivities as Cargo Ops at Terminal or STS operation with othervessel. In case that the vessel or customer require Port Clearance, additional expenses will be apply and vessel must revert with extradocumentation not specified in this pre arrival information.
巴拿馬運河如果沒有靠港和加油操作，僅僅是穿越的話，不需要把巴拿馬運河當作前一個港口開立離港證的目的港，直接開立巴拿馬運河的下一個港口作為目的港。本次我們在巴拿馬加油，目的港開立的是美國卸貨港，美國當地代理和巴拿馬代理是同一家公司，做了相關解釋才沒有找麻煩。
巴拿馬運河的便利性勿容質疑，它的開通使得遠洋船舶從太平洋到北美大陸東海岸的航程得以大大降低，再也不需要繞道南美大陸南端的麥哲倫海峽和德雷克海峽了。每年都有成千上萬條大型船舶通過巴拿馬運河，一舉成就了巴拿馬運河在世界航運中的不可替代作用。
巴拿馬運河如此重要，當然過運河的費用也是水漲船高，船舶各項通航開支總共得20萬美金左右。巴拿馬有了這條漫長的淡水運河，帶動了整個國家相關服務業的繁榮和滋養了沿岸無數的生命。所以說巴拿馬政府和人民是躺在一座金山上也不為過吧！
遠洋船長：李曉旭
2022年4月10日
